Persuasive Essay On Poverty - 1454 Words

The definition and viewing of poverty is a topic that many find highly debatable and close to the heart. Poverty is what most people see as not having enough to live on, and struggling to get anything more. Race and location are often looked at in conjunction to poverty. The author of the first article, McMillian, focuses on redefining poverty to a general audience by limiting her word choice and choosing a more personal appeal to the intended audience. In the other article, the authors Fram, Miller-Cribbs, and Van Horn write for an expert audience of social workers to frame the cause of achievement gap in U.S. southern schools by increasing their credibility through specialized language and resources. By examining the specialized language†¦show more content†¦She finds herself questioning, â€Å"Who, exactly, did I think was poor?† She concludes that she and most of the public find race and poverty are frequently equated to each other with no explanations as to why except for what they were brought up to believe. Her paper challenges her audience, the general public, to rethink the definition of poverty. McMillian brings to light that poverty should not be a point of racial contention but rather a common ground. As opposed to this, the second article finds race to be one of the factors that can contribute to poverty. In Fram, Miller-Cribbs, and Van Horn’s scholarly article the framework being focused on is the cause of poverty while acknowledging the causes that most social workers believe. The article focuses on environmental factors being a bigger cause than race when coming to poverty. â€Å"Although race looms large in southern understanding of daily life, we find that family structure, maternal attributes, peers’ skill levels, and rural and nonrural location are more salient in explaining differences in children’s achievement† (318). This quote shows that factors other than race contribute to the likelihood of poverty, mainly environmental factors. By finding more causes of poverty than just the previously understood factors, the authors are hoping to shift the audience’s attention to the new domains. The shift is to help bring an understanding as to the causes ofShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Poverty785 Words   |  4 PagesPoverty is increasingly becoming a global problem. More people living in first world countries have become aware of the poverty in many third world countries. Recently, governments have been debating on whether we should provide aid to these countries or not. Although aid supporters claim that our help will completely revolutionize the situation in third world countries, the truth is that we do not know the full situation of these people and most of the donation attempts do not actually help. FirstRead MorePersuasive Essay On Poverty1117 Words   |  5 PagesEvery Child Deserves the Education They Desire In her inspiring speech, â€Å"How America’s Public Schools Keep Kids in Poverty,† Kandace Sumner portrays the problem being distributed throughout the public schools of America with the inequality being dispersed to colored children as well as low-income societies to the public schools, parents of children, and the overall communities. As a teacher and mother of colored kids, Sumner is more aware of the unfair issue occurring throughout the public schoolRead MorePersuasive Essay On Poverty1875 Words   |  8 PagesAlex Nielson Professor Belk English 2010-H12 18 September 2017 Poverty: Choice or Lack of? All throughout my life, I have been constantly reminded by my parents, teachers, and by various other authority figures to always make sure I am making good, educated choices in everything I do. Actually, that s not completely true. I wasn t just reminded to make good decisions, I was, and still am, expected to make good decisions. I was taught that my choices would determine where I ended up in lifeRead MorePersuasive Essay : Success Life Comes When You And The Brink Of Poverty 1240 Words   |  5 Pagesperson opens their minds to a whole new world of possibilities. They can take what they have learned from a person or animal, and influence their own life in a positive way. For example: a book written about an Olympian who rose from the brink of poverty, can show a reader that things will, at one point, look up and life will get better. Melba Pattillo Beals, a member of the Little Rock Nine, found the strength within herself to endure seemingly endless strife to improve the liv es of future generationsRead Moreminimum wage1601 Words   |  7 Pagesminimum wage on businesses in hope for reduced poverty and increasePremium 1355 Words 6 Pages Should Minimum Wage Increase? Should Minimum Wage Increase? I have many reasons why I do not think minimum wage needs to increase at this time. We need to look at the reasons for minimum wage. We must look at the amount of time the current minimum wage has been in effect. The affect on the economy needs to be well...Premium 892 Words 4 Pages Persuasive Research on Minimum Wage ï » ¿Lee Prutsman Sarah HannawayRead MoreEssay on The Persuasive Text 836 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of a persuasive text is to change or alter the viewpoint of the reader for it to agree with the author’s perspective. The intention of this specific text is to persuade the reader to help end poverty today by joining ‘Make Poverty History’ and it uses persuasive language and techniques to do this – this essay will explain the effect on the reader and will focus on analysing persuasive language. Pronouns are an effective persuasive language technique because they address the reader directlyRead MoreEssay about Persuasive Speech: The Benefits of Volunteering1127 Words   |  5 Pagesproblems in our community that affect many people. II. Body A. Main Point: The problems in our community are great and affect us all in one way or another. Internal Preview: Increases in poverty are causing many community issues. 1. Supporting Material: There are families that are living in poverty in our community that have significant needs that need to be addressed. a. According to the CDC, there has been a steady increase in preventable childhood diseases. b. Many of these childrenRead MoreClassic Principal of Argument Essay example891 Words   |  4 Pageseffective. The logics and reasoning in an essay forms effectiveness based on information gathered from other sources (Dlugan, 2010). In the essay, â€Å"What the Water Revealed† written by Jim Wallis, uses his persuasiveness by, including all three appeals of the classical principles of argument. Willis implies the use of ethos, pathos, and logos to convey a convincing argument as it relates to the realities on poverty and race in America and today’s society. The essay reveals Jim Willis’ ethos argumentRead MoreWal Mart : A Necessary Evil? Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesWal-Mart: A Necessary Evil? It does not take a large amount of funding and private studies to see that Wal-Mart is a widely successful corporation that offers cheaper prices than their competitors. In Jack and Suzy Welch’s essay they argue that we should support businesses that help individuals, communities and whole economies prosper, they claim that, â€Å"Wal-Mart helps individuals, communities, and whole economies prosper† (161), so we should support Wal-Mart. On the other hand, Paul Krugman arguesRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"The Singer Solution To World Poverty† Essay693 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿A Critique For â€Å"The Singer Solution To World Poverty† In the essay â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Poverty,† philosopher Peter Singer addresses the issue of poverty by suggesting Americans give away most of their income to aid those in need. Singer believes that withholding income is the equivalence of letting a child starve to death. Therefore, Singer suggests the ethical thing to do to end world hunger is to give up everyday luxuries. Although donating a vast amount of money could help dying

Case Analysis Inc Al - 1433 Words

SUNBEAM CORP. Ahmad et al. (2013) indicated that the company created $35 million in inappropriate restructuring reserves in 1996 that were reversed in 1997 to inflate income through cookie jar reserves to create fake profits and creating the illusion of a rapid turn-around (pp.8-10). Ahmad et al. mentioned that the company reported a $109 million revenue in 1997, of which over $70 million of revenue from bill and hold sales, channel stuffing by putting inventory onto the books of distributors and retailers and other inappropriate accounting practice, such as, reduction of inventory to fabricate large profits when the goods were sold, recorded some sales that were not real and restated down to $38 million (pp.8-10). Ahmad et al. mentioned that the SEC charged the CEO for violating federal laws by misrepresenting material information and settled by paying portion of the $141 million, while former controller and chief accounting officer each agreed to pay $100,000 in fines, as well as Arthur Ande rsen settled for undisclosed amount (pp.8-10). CENDANT CORP. (1997) Ahmad et al. (2013) indicated that as a result of the merger of HFC with CUC International and formed Cendant Corp but, it was revealed that CUC overstated revenue by $500 million between 1995 and 1997 (pp.8-10). Crumbley et al. (6 edition) specified that CUC deliberately and fictitiously inflated operating income by 50% or manufactured about $500 million in fake revenue (p.3081). Ahmad et al. described thatShow MoreRelatedThe Mission And Vision Statements Of An Organization799 Words   |  4 Pagesconnection is pivotal when discussing how BJ s Wholesale Club Inc. value statements are aligned to its proposed strategic plan. Furthermore, in this paper the Internal and external analyzes are two essential phases in the strategic planning process of BJ s. Significantly, when formulating relevant and feasible plans it is imperative for strategy makers to have a thorough understanding of the organization s direction BJ s Wholesale Club Inc. Vision Statement Grensing - Pophal (2011) stated, A visionRead MoreThe Technology of Cash Flows Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesassist with budgeting as it can predict cash flows in the future (Megan et al., 2009). Additionally, investors use it to assess the financial health of a company (Gibson, 2011; Megan et al., 2009). Technology companies have experienced significant growth in the new millennium as the demand for access to immediate information has increased and the use of the internet has become mainstream. This paper will discuss Google Inc. (Google), its cash flows, its status as a growth firm, and supplementalRead MoreBenefits Of Sustaining A Competitive Advantage For Apple Inc.1297 Words   |  6 Pageselse by performing different activities that will be hard to duplicate from the competition (Dess, et al., 2005). Sustaining a competitive advantage became hard for Apple Inc. as noticed in the Harvard Business School Premier Case. Therefore, this paper is an analysis of Apple, Inc. based on a 7-year old case written by David Yoffie and Michael Slind published by Harvard Business School (Yoffie, et al., 2008). The following paper examines in detail the strategies utilized by the company as outlinedRead MoreNeed Analysis Paper1009 Words   |  5 Pages(Malicka et al., 2017). In this regar d, the need to provide an expanded curriculum will certainly affect the manner in which the effective instructions will be delivered to the students subsequently improving the performance of the school. The purpose of this paper will be to create a need analysis for the identified need of Whitney school. Further, the learner characteristics for the identified need as well as its objectives will be highlighted. Finally, it will create the procedural analysis flowchartRead MoreVitality Health Enterprises Inc Essay examples1464 Words   |  6 PagesPOLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA HAROLD PUPKEWITZ GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS Performance Management at Vitality Health Enterprises, Inc Case Report By Leonardo Imerne Strategic Human Resources Management (SHM910M) Date: 21 June 2014 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report will focus on the performance management at Vitality Health Enterprises, Inc, which is a cosmetics and beauty products oriented business. The business started off well with a fast expansion approach. As the company grows, performance managementRead MoreHuman Resource Functions at Apple Computers Inc: An Analysis1544 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Apple Human Resource: Apple Computer Inc. or Apple Inc. is a multinational corporation in the United States that develops and markets consumer electronics, personal computers, and computer software. The firm is widely recognized for several hardware products like the Macintosh brand of computers, the iPad, the iPhone, and the iPod. On the contrary, Apples software products include Mac OS X operating system, Final Cut Studio, the iTunes media browser, and a series of professional audio and film-industryRead MoreCase Study : Panera Bread Company1663 Words   |  7 PagesCase 8: Panera Bread Company (2010): Still Rising Fortunes? Case Analysis Executive Summary Synopsis of the Case By 2010, Panera Bread Company (PBC) stood ahead of the crowd; once a pioneer in the fast casual concept of dining, the organization has now far surpassed its competition (Vincelette Fogarty, 2010). Enduring economic challenges that only strengthened the organizations position as industry leaders while competitors struggled to exist, Panera’s co-founder and majority shareholder RonaldRead MoreDesigning A Custom Home For Building A New Home1663 Words   |  7 PagesThe customer is looking to build a new home in the Clarksville, Tennessee area and wants the construction completed by August 2017. The customer has requested a project proposal from Wilson Construction, Inc. for architectural plans to construct a custom home consisting of 4500 square feet. The main objective of the new home project is to design a quality custom home that meets all stakeholders’ expectations while fitting into the surrounding area to allow the market value to remain fluent with otherRead Mor eAn Example of an Introduction1608 Words   |  7 Pageslead in sentence that refers back to the essay topic It is the intention of this paragraph to analyse how and when Drug Inc. senior managers can deal with resistance to change, downsizing and casualisation of non-core employees. Step Two: Cite expert opinion to support your upcoming cause and effect analytical example. Kotter Schlesinger (1979), as cited in Wood et al., (2006:504), argues that there are six ways to deal with resistance to change namely education and communication, participationRead MoreEssay on BUSI561 03 PetersenCaseStudy1263 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ The Petersen Case Study David A. Gatti Liberty University Author Note David A. Gatti, SU 15, BUSI 561-Legal Issues in Business (B16), Liberty University. This paper was conducted as a Discussion Board Post assigned by Professor J. Reinke of: Liberty University, Graduate School of Business, Lynchburg, Virginia 24515. Correspondence concerning this project should be addressed to: David A. Gatti, Liberty University, Graduate School of Business, Lynchburg, Virginia

The Future of Cyber-Sex and Relationship Fidelity free essay sample

The Future of Cyber-Sex and Relationship Fidelity: Rapid Growth of Technology by Marlene M. Maheu, Ph. D. The combination of the telephone and the Internet will provide more uses and conveniences than imagined just ten years ago. The telephone is likely to be the pivotal technology, so that people will have personal numbers that can be taken with them as they transfer from job to job, and home to home. It is already possible to use the telephone for receiving email messages and surfing the net. Mobile phone carriers now allow you to pick a variety of news, sports, weather, and stock market reports several times a day.Telephones and Internet services are merging, bringing increased opportunities for virtual lovers to be in email or voicemail contact through telephones. Email messages are less intrusive than telephone calls or answering machines. They can be read at the recipients convenience, even in an open area with people nearby. We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Cyber-Sex and Relationship Fidelity or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With an increase in the number of people who check cell phones for messages while waiting for other events to occur, several messages from a virtual lover can be received and reciprocated in the course of a normal business day, perhaps even during a business meeting. Just as people check their watches, they can check their email via pager or cell phone during a conversational lull. The emergence of the wireless Web will make contact with virtual lovers or cyber-sex material possible anytime, anywhere. For purposes of this article, cybersex is defined as occurring when computerized content is used for sexual stimulation. It involves two or more people exciting one another sexually through text, sounds, or images obtained from software or the Internet.Many companies are installing transmitters in airports, business areas, and stores, which will offer high-speed Internet access within a certain range. A laptop computer will only need a transmission card to connect, and a monthly fee will be paid by subscribers. Gas stations may soon double as favorite places to write an email love note to that special someone, and a traffic jam may no longer be a waste of time. Much gratitude is extended to those who helped clarify, amplify and edit the material used in this article: Michael Erickson, Ph.

Smartphones Research Paper Example

Smartphones Paper Name: Tutor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Smartphones specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Smartphones specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Smartphones specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Smartphones Introduction The widespread embrace of smartphones in the contemporary society is a factor that illustrates the manner in which smartphones deliver quality services to their owners. Indeed, a smartphone is a cellular phone constructed on a mobile OS (Operating System) with more enhanced connectivity and computing capacity than a mid-range priced phone. The foremost smartphones comprised the operations within a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) with a cellular phone. Nonetheless, the inspiration behind the smartphone dates back to the conceptualization of the model in the early 1970s with the introduction of the IBM Simon Personal Communicator in 1992. Interestingly, the mode in which smartphones progress based on the needs of the modern client warrants an insight into the origin, evolution and impact of the device within the society. Origin Even though the conceptualization of a ‘smartphone’ materialized as early as 1973, the notion of the terminology ‘smartphone’ received recognition in 1997. This is in accordance to the unveiling of the GS 88 Penelope by Ericsson, which termed the phone as a ‘Smart phone’. Nevertheless, the concept of the smartphone dates back to 1973 when Theodore George Paraskevakos patented the notions of integrating intellect, data processing and visual presentation within telephones. The motivations behind the development of the smartphone in accordance with Paraskevakos delved on the performance of banking transactions and paying service bills through the telephone. As such, the concept developed by Paraskevakos regarding the amalgamation of intelligence, processing and visual presentation initiated the development of cellular phones that combined multitasking properties. As such, the foremost cell phone to incorporate PDA characteristics was a model developed by IBM in 1992. The prototype, which was unveiled at the COMDEX trade showcase later, gained rejuvenation and enhancement as a purchasable product in 1994 under the acronym Simon Personal Communicator in 1994. Known as the Simon, the device gained reference as the first official smartphone even though the term was not popular at that time. On top of its capacity to initiate and receive cell phone calls, the Simon was capable of conveying and obtaining facsimiles, pages and electronic mails (e-mails) via its visual screen that comprised touch technology. Furthermore, the Simon incorporated several applications such as calendars, an address book, calculator, typical and prognostic touch screen keypads and world-time chronometer. Further motivations involving the creation of the smartphone centered on simplifying the routine tasks that persons require to perform on a daily basis. As such, through the introduction of applications by the Simon, the progress of integrating further end-user applications within cellular phones gained considerable interest and innovation. Thus, extensive innovation on smartphones led to the development of new models in the late 1990s. Smartphone models such as Nokia 9000 integrated PDA features and necessitated the inclusion of mobile OS such as BlackBerry, Windows and Palm. These initial operating systems led the way for the innovation of superior and contemporary mobile operating systems within cellular phones such as Symbian, Android and iOS operating systems, which form the market base for mobile operating systems as well as smartphone technology. Evolution Probably, the major milestones marking the development of smartphones involve the introduction of mobile operating systems. Even though regular phones constituted the base for the development of smartphones, the materialization of mobile operating systems distinguished feature phones and smartphones. The first milestone in smartphone development began in 1996 after the introduction of the IBM Simon. At that time, the first phone to utilize a mobile OS was actually a Palm Pilot 1000 PDA that comprised a Palm OS. Nonetheless, another milestone involved the introduction of the Nokia 7110 based on a Nokia S40 OS in 1999. Furthermore, the introduction of the Symbian OS in 2000 perpetuated the release of further smartphones with their respective operating systems further enhancing smartphone functionality (Kenney and Pon, 6). However, the development in smartphone technology facilitated challenges that mostly arose out of competition among developers. As such, the challenges facing smartphone progression were evident in the development of mobile applications. These challenges comprise technological factors such as insufficient abstractions since application developers require tackling short sensor data and insufficient programming support since developing applications requires partitioning smartphone and server codes (Ravindranath et al, 1). Nonetheless, the future evolution of smartphones presents further innovations. It is asserted that by 2016, smartphones will possess holograph technology and an audio-processing application that will disambiguate the client’s voice. Furthermore, it will be possible for people to implant smartphones through making them wearable and smartphones will possess the capability of assuming any shape. Impact Indeed, providing information regarding smartphones is important to any audience. This is because smartphones occupy an extensive portion of the society. According to Fischer et al (27), nearly a half of all the cellular phones within the United States comprise smartphones. As such, such information on these basic devices is important since it enables the audience to determine the history surrounding such devices and the future prospects embodying smartphones. Nonetheless, the research on smartphones provides efficient information in the development of other innovations such as tablets that embrace the smartphone technology. Conclusion As a fact, smartphones occupy a global space in the modern society. With respect to the creation of the first smartphone, the devices have assumed a designated stance in the modern society, ranging from developed to developing economies. As far as development receives consideration, it is early and impossible to rule out further evolution regarding such devices in the near future. Works Cited Fischer, I., M. Frank, C. Kuo, and L. Huang. â€Å"Short Paper: Smartphones: Not Smart Enough?† Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. (2012): 27-32. Print. Kenney, Martin, and Bryan Pon. â€Å"Structuring the Smartphone Industry: Is the Mobile Internet Os Platform the Key?† The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy. (2011): 1-22. Print. Ravindranath, L., A. Thiagarajan, H. Balakrishnan, and S. Madden. â€Å"Code in the Air: Simplifying Sensing and Coordination Tasks on Smartphones†. Association of Computing Machinery. (2012): 1-6. Print.

The Role of Inter

Introduction As the world globalizes and trade liberalizes, the exchange of goods, services has been growing at a rapid rate. This has been made possible by the emergence of new markets in Latin America, Africa and the Asian continent. This has led to increased business both at the national level as well as at the international levels.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Role of Inter-cultural Ð ¡ommunications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The absence of barriers of trade not only has it eased the exchange of goods and services, it has led to countries and big companies (within them) they remain in business and are able to compete with their rivals (Deresky 2000). The globalization has led to increased rate of interdependence among world countries making world economies over reliant on others. To add to the importance, there has also been migration of people and tourism around the world as well as internatio nalizing education systems (Raymond Duncan, Jancar- Webster Switky 2008). As a result of this, there has been increased cultural diversity in most organizations. Cultural diversity in most countries (developed and less developed) and even the companies found within them coupled with trade liberalization and globalization has now become a reality and business managers and leaders are now being forced by situations to become intercultural competent in order to be able to capitalize their benefits from the limited resources that are available and also from the advantages which are a product of cultural diversity (Livermore Ang 2009). The question that runs across many people minds is how often we find people who study business or other careers in abroad countries and then come to utilize them in their own country? What happens to our own business cultural competencies outside our country if within our country we have to rely on other cultures for our business to be competent? Is cult ural diversity the driver or the norm in business success or have we become just over reliant on the different cultures in order to succeed? Or do we just want to create an international recognized business culture covering all the different cultures that exist in the world for us to succeed in business? Aim The purpose of this study will be to examine and try and understand to what extent diversity in cultures influence in international business and whether there is anything that can be related to the success seen in most of these international businesses.Advertising Looking for report on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theoretical insights on the effects of cross cultures on business will be provided and with communication being the driver in the exchange of the different cultures, it will be a factor of major concern to the study. By having a better understanding on communication, the study hope s to identify whether cross cultural and the intercultural communication are major attributes leading to success of businesses in the international arena. The relationship between culture and communication is very wide and thus the study will not completely cover but it will just try to give an overview of the theories of intercultural communication as well as cross cultural competency. Finally, it is important to note that the study will work on the already established findings trying but it will not be part of this study to investigate or bring about new research findings. Background Culture and its Implications In doing business whether locally or international, culture is a very important factor. It is very usual for businesses to make the right decisions as long as economic or management issues are concerned but to make sure that these decisions lead to the increased profitability of the company, it becomes very important for the key decision makers to understand and be able to solve and bring together the differences that may arise due to the cultural differences that may arise especially in the international business where laws, regulations and even individual behaviors are different depending on the location(Barrett George 2005). It is thus important for the managers to understand the cultural differences and also later to learn them so as to become cultural competent. Culture is the defined or the patterned way in which people think, behave, act and react depending on the circumstances. Culture is displayed through actions and symbols.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Role of Inter-cultural Ð ¡ommunications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Hofstede (1991) culture can be defined as the way the mind of people ( individually or collectively) has been made in such a way one can be able to distinguish a group of people from other due to the way their lives have been p rogrammed to operate ( the way they do their things is different from others). While the definitions of culture may vary from one expert to the other, the common traits found in culture revolve around norms, mores and values one group holds dear compared to the other. When it comes to international business, culture may be defined broadly across the regional, religion and linguistic dimensions while in the narrow dimension, distinct cultures may be defined by the established boundaries which are used to distinguish a country from the other and thus a different legal and political structure from the other. Cultural research theories No matter how two different cultures appear similar, they are very different. The reason behind this is the fact that there are different forces behind them which influence how a person of a certain culture behaves. It can be due to geographical factors or climate factors. Experts while trying to study the different cultures that exist in the world, have used to dimensions: The first dimension has been based on the cultural theories while the other dimension has been through institutional theories (Belisle 2007). The cultural theories dimension tries to investigate the cultural differences based on one’s culture while the institutional dimension approaches the differences between cultures through the established institutions such as law and order and other regulations which dictate or govern how people behave. However, it is worth to understand that two people of the same culture can display different cultural behaviors depending on the level of the embededness (attachment or close ties) one has towards own culture. Nolan (1999) explained this through perceptions. Through which she explained that two people from the same culture can perceive the same thing differently.Advertising Looking for report on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More She also explained that different people interpret things differently and thus they may have different ways of remembering the same thing. She finally stated that goals, values and methods of achieving different things are defined by our own cultures. On the cultural theory, different experts have identified different cultures through their distinct behaviors, mores and values. Though the three aspects appear easy to understand, the relationship between the three aspects is not easily understood as the causality of the action does not necessary imply the combination of the three aspects. To have an overview of what culture entails, we shall cover the Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture as well as the Trompennaar and Hampden-Turner seven dimensions of culture and through this we shall be able to understand how a business manager can be able to negotiate successfully by learning and understanding the different cultural dimensions. Hofstede While studying cross cultural commun ication, Hofstede indicated that each of the different existing cultures deals with the issues it is faced by according to several dimensions. The dimensions themselves vary on the intensity depending on the matter at hand. He summarized these dimensions into five. In his first dimension individualism or collectivism, he explained that how people view themselves whether as an integral part of a group or as an individual was defined by their culture. He explained further that these groups were natural ones, for example where one can relate to a family or a certain community. This dimension however, did not analyze whether people liked staying in groups or individually rather it was more of how the individual identifies him or herself in relation to a certain group. The second dimension in which Hofstede used to describe culture was uncertainty or avoidance: He stated that in some cultures, everything has to be clearly understood before proceeding further so as to avoid surprises in f uture while in some, which ever manner it is done is no ones business. In the latter cultures where the uncertainty avoidance levels are high, people are never at ease and more often becomes very anxious when some of the factors are not known to the opposite of the cultures which maintain low levels of uncertainty avoidance. Hofstede also explained culture through power distance. He noted that human beings live in stratified levels. In some cultures, the disparity between the ranked high and the low in the society is such wide that the two groups respect each other. Movement and interaction across the different levels is not expected while in the cultures where the gap between the high and the low is not that much wide (power distance is low) people expect that those ruling or in power did not just get it due to their stature in the society but it is because they worked, and put efforts for them to gain the stature. Aggressiveness was Hofstede’s fourth dimension and it define s masculinity and femininity that exists within a certain group. Femininity is said to value gentleness and consensus and in such a culture, men also tend to be gentle and less aggressive. On the other hand, masculinity is competition and assertiveness mainly looking for the best among the players in such cultures. In such a culture even women are more aggressive. The last dimension through which Hofstede defined culture was through orientation. He stated that cultures are either short term or long term orientated. He indicated that cultures that value long term planning are long term orientated while cultures that live for the day or do actions in order to appear better or ‘safe faces’ are short term orientated (Longatan 2008). Trompennaar and Hampden-Turner While studying culture, Trompennaar concentrated mainly on the observed cultural dimensions of leading business executives. In their book â€Å"Riding the Waves of culture† (1997) they identified several dim ensions while some dimensions were similar to Hofstede’s some had different views about the culture. How different people get involved in a culture gives the difference between the specific and diffuse cultures. The specific cultures usually have a clear cut distinction between for example the working life of an individual from his personal life. While in a diffuse culture, there is usually a mix up between the individuals personal and working life. Each activity both in working or personal life seems to be connected. For example your boss may want to know what you do during your free time, what you did after college; aspects which are not official. Individualism or Communitarianism explains how an individual reacts especially on personal interests or in group interests. Depending on the different cultures, some may place individual interests’ way above the community interests while the opposite can apply to other cultures. According to Trompennaar and Hampden Turner ( 1997) the management of international businesses is greatly affected by the nature of the country policies whether they are more individualistic or communitarian. This key dimension influences how the negotiations or even the decision making is going to take place. For example in more capitalistic states such as the United States of America one is paid according to the efforts and thus it is more individualistic, this may be in contrast when compared to a communistic setting such as the Chinese where the collective end results defines the final pay thus demanding more cooperation among all the stakeholders. The achieved status and the ascribed status is more like the power distance dimension experience in the Hofstede’s dimensions. The way people attain or are accorded status is very important in understanding culture even before you can enter into business negotiations with them. The basis for achieving status may vary depending on the age, gender, class and even the educati on level. If the status is accorded depending on what you have done then it is described as an achieved status while if you are given status depending on who you are or where you come from, then the culture just ascribed the status on you (Thomas- Hunt 2005). The neutrality/affectivity dimension describes how individuals control their emotions. How one is affected by certain occurrences is observed or manifested by being indifferent or showing the affection and these aspects are deeply affected by the culture one comes from. Universalism the other dimension describes how individuals follow laws and regulations through the established institutions thus describing the uniformity or the non uniformity of the place you want to conduct your business in. The other dimension through which Trompennaar and Hampden-Turner described culture was the sequential/synchronic manner of doing things this simply described how things are done whether they are done in an orderly system one by one or the y are done all together at the same time. Finally, the human relationship describes how people of different cultures relate or their attitudes towards the environment (Shaules 2007). The above dimensions as explained by the two parties are closely related and it is important for any person who wants to conduct and succeed in business both locally and internationally to have these culture dimensions at hand whether Hofstede’s or the Trompennaar and Hampden-Turner’s as they may be needed one time or the other as the business progresses where it will be important to understand what to expect when dealing in a certain country as opposed to the other. Communication and its implications Definition of Communication To most people, communication is about exchanging information from one party to another. However, looking from a deeper perspective there is more to communication than to what we usually perceive. Communication is thus defined as a learned skill since a majority gr oup is born with a talking skill but there is always need to learn how to speak and communicate with others effectively. These situations depend on observing, teaching in the class, and practicing what is learnt to be evaluated by others (Hamilton 2010). Effective communication is always advisable in order to convey the desired information to the receiving party. Especially when conducting international business, different cultures might have different ways of communicating. People communicate in different levels and they include: interpersonal, intrapersonal, group and finally public. The levels of communication depend on the content of the information and the desired recipients (Theaker 2004). Forms of communication Verbal communication The process of conveying messages or information through the word of mouth is defined as oral communication. This method of communication is mostly used when discussions are needed and when immediate reaction is needed from the other side. In the a spect of business, it is a very important method of communication when negotiations are needed to be discussed and some parties need to be convinced (Krauss 2002). Non Verbal Communication This is the process of receiving wordless messages from one entity to the other. Non-verbal forms of communication are usually determined by the posture, gesture, body language, eye contact, and facial expression among others. Non-verbal communication plays a key role in every person’s day-to-day life from ordinary life to other special engagements in life. In the aspect of business, one can know when the deal is going nicely and when it is not depending on the way the other party reacts. Speech as a non-verbal communication may contain elements of non-verbal communication such as Para-language, which may include voice quality, emotion, and speaking style. The features of non-verbal communication can be divided into static and dynamic. Static features of non verbal communication include pos ture (e.g. lying down, cross legged, seated or standing among others) while dynamic features include facial expressions frowning and yawning among others (Jones LeBaron 2002) Visual communication The process of conveying message in a form that can be read; primarily, it is involved with two-dimensional images e.g. signs, drawings and graphics. Visual communication relies on vision (what can be seen). Visual communication is mostly reliable when a case of future reference is needed or when similar message need to be sent to many receivers and when conveying of the message requires a step-by-step procedure. Among the above communication methods the best communication method depends on the purpose of conveying the message, resources required when stressing the importance of the information needed among other requirements. In countries where everything has to be in written form when conducting business, it is the best method to use. To make communication easier, there exist several prin cipals which need to be adhered to (Jamieson 2007). Principles of communication Listening This is an art in communication and has rules to be followed. Listening opens us to the world around us and also to the people who matter. Researchers say that when we listen, we learn, and we grow. Listening involves mutual acknowledgement of the other party and it creates an emotional atmosphere. Acknowledgement of the other person presence enhances better communication. It is always advisable to listen first to whatever you are being told and then you acknowledge before you can express what your point of view is. Acknowledging at least confirms to the other party that at least you were listening. Listening and repeating the information in your own words makes it easier to understand the situation by putting yourself in the other person’s shoes. If the other party in the business deal feels that your are taking time to listen to his side of the story: the negotiations or what ever you are doing together moves on easily (Henley 2008). Perception Among the many problems that are faced in the communication process, perception is one of the worst. It usually happens when we judge people by the way they look but not by their deeds or by the information they present. Some people are written off during presentations just because of the way they appear or the way they are dressed. Prejudice hinders the effectiveness of communicating with other parties since the cloud is formed at the first instance of what is expected. As a business leader, this is a major aspect to avoid as it can lead to failure of the business no matter how lucrative it appears (Wood 2008). Audience To connect with the audience is also a very important principle during communication. The negotiator should always have prior information of who his or her audience will be so as to enable him prepare psychologically in advance of what to present and what the audience expects from him. This leads to avoida nce of unnecessary questions arising during the negotiations process (Guffey Almonte 2009). Topics Before the presentation of any information, the businessman should be well versed with all the details about the business deal to avoid embarrassments from the other party of the deal who may be curious about more information and as the conveyor, you find yourself being cowed of not knowing much about the topic.(Hall Mc Crorie,2006) Credibility This is perhaps one of the most important in terms of technical knowledge. How friendly, warm, accessible up to date and knowledgeable is the source of your information or how applicable is the business idea that you are bringing along. When presenting any information, you must be aware that some of the listeners may not agree with your sentiments thus you should listen to what they may have to say and then you share your opinions. Finally, you should find a way of convincing your listeners of the credibility or the benefits to what your claim s are as a better change agent it is always advisable not to oversell or overstate your case. Clarity and simplicity should also be embraced and you should cover the relevant aspects so as not to have a hard time when trying to convince the other party (Ferguson 1999). Barriers of Effective Cross Cultural Communication As a business negotiator, it is important to note that the presence of the following hinders effective communication between parties. Stereotypes are wrong over generalized mind pictures that are applied universally to all things in a particular class. E.g., the stereo types about urban dwellers, blacks, or whites. When an individual applies a mind picture to a given class without any consideration to the personal differences he or she creates complete absence of truth and tends to create a self-fulfilling prophecy in whatever they present (Moonie Walsh 2003). Most of the times the foremost problem in relating with people is distrust with its counterpart being the def ensive interpersonal behavior. Suspicion is created by behavior or acts which suggest that you are making judgment about the other person rather than listening to what the person is saying or you are simply trying to control the other person it makes you feel superior and needless to say such behavior should be avoided completely (Koekemoer Bird 2004). It is also worthy to note that most people are better talkers than listeners. There can be no true interaction or mutual influencing of one another without each person taking turns listening and talking by taking into account what the other party is trying to communicate (Ferreira, Erasmus Groenewald 2010). Finally, culture determines people’s behavioral patterns, varying cultures can be a barrier to effective communication e.g. a lifestyle way of thinking life concerns and modes of communication may be so different from one another that accurate communication and mutual understanding becomes difficult. The above factors presen t among many other barriers which most of the time depend with the situation and the place you are in (Hernandez ND) Intercultural Communication Competence For many scholars, defining what exactly intercultural competency is has been a major challenge and thus, it has been defined following several dimensions as we saw in the case culture. Intercultural communication competence has been defined under the major aspects which include: the flexibility capability (how an individual can adjust), non judgmental or partisan (no creation of stereotypes), how an individual tolerates ambiguity and the ability to pass information using respect as well as the ability to personalize ones knowledge and perceptions about certain views. Any businessperson who is capable of placing himself in the other person’s shoes (empathy) among others characters possesses some degree of intercultural communication competence (Alagic, Nagata Rimmington 2009). Intercultural communication competence can be divided into its two major components: intercultural competence and communication competence. Intercultural competence therefore entails having a business manager or leader who possesses the knowledge and the necessary skills which can enable him to interact effectively with any person irrespective of the culture. A person who is intercultural competent possesses the skills of negotiation and respects any cultural symbol or norms that may arise during the time of negotiation. He or she knows when to stop and when to push further whatever he is advocating for. An intercultural communication competent business person knows when to fulfill their own communication goals by respecting and reaffirming the different cultural identities of the people they interact with (Byram Neuner 2003). Possession of the above capabilities enables us to describe intercultural competency easily through three dimensions which are: the cognitive ability (ability to have the hidden meaning), the affective (s how all the emotions which are involved) and finally the operational dimension (the flexibility of ones behavior depending on the situation). A manager who possesses cultural competencies is able to know or develop within himself a capability of knowing and understanding the cultural dynamics as they arise and thus can be able to adapt the different multiple cultural identities in order to be able to co-exist with the others. Communication competence on the other hand is achieved through two concepts. One is the effectiveness while the other is the appropriateness. If an individual is able to produce the desired end results in relation to how he interacts with the people and everything around him, then he is said to be effective. Appropriateness on the other hand implies the ability to recognize early what hinders communication and be able to escape the inappropriate responses that may arise as well as possessing the capability of controlling the existing communication functions suc h as imagining and controlling the direction of the conversation. The appropriateness can also be measured or assessed in terms of the quality, volume, the importance and the manner in which the manager sends the information (Samovar, Porter McDaniel 2009) A business leader or manager communication competence is described by his or her personal verbal behaviors such as sharing with your colleagues’ information which might have mutual benefits to all the parties involved. Verbal behaviors are the other way through which communication competence can be assessed. The way a person listens or the eye contact when communicating can tell you of his competency level. Lastly, communication competence can also be assessed through conversation management behaviors. In the aspect of international business, this can be achieved by asking questions about the other person and what goes on in their countries of origin (Greene Burleson 2003). For any business person to succeed in his endeavor s and make his company a world leader he should possess the both intercultural and communication competence as this eases the way business will perform in a certain country. Cultural Dimensions and Communication Patterns Culture has and will always be part of a conflict resolution. Culture shapes our perceptions, attributions and ideas both of own and the other party. Though cultures are strong as often experienced across every place in the world, they are often unconscious and sometimes influence conflicts though they also have their impeccable ways of resolving the conflicts. Culture is shared in forms of ethnicity, nationality, skin color, sexual orientation among other socio economic factors. The most important factor to note about cultures is that they are not static, they are always changing and relate to certain places but not to all places. Culture includes what one group knows and the other does not that is why culture is not uniform. The role of culture in an international relations is quite interesting in that cultures prohibits and culture allows e.g. in some cultures the profitability of the business may be preferred to corporate social responsibility while to others the opposite can also be true. Though the occasion is the same the way people act depicts to what their culture demands from them (Fisher 1997). In order to solve any conflict brought about by culture, we need to practice the following: build trust and respect amongst ourselves, read more about other people cultures and appreciate them the way they are and no matter what never try to make your culture appear superior to the others since that can initiate conflict. When in possession of these, then we will be able to communicate freely with the other people whom we would like to conduct business with since we already know what to expect and how we can communicate ourselves out without raising conflicts with the other parties. Conclusion From the study, we can conclude that intercultura l communication competency is a basic requirement to the success of international businesses since it influences the way business decisions are made. The knowledge of what a different culture entails enables a business person to negotiate the business successfully without any hurdles arising. For a business manager to negotiate successfully, he must know the culture of the group he is dealing with since negotiations are most of the time influenced by the cultures. We have also noted that for a business person to be a good negotiator, he or she must possess the intercultural communication competency which helps him in changing her identity depending on the arising situation. This competency as we have seen is usually brought about by the cognitive ability of the business negotiator which helps him in noting what is culturally sensitive to the other party. The communication competency is assessed through the appropriateness and the effectiveness of the communicator and how well effect ive and appropriate the information is translates into either the business becoming a failure or a success. It was also noted that intercultural competency is both an individual as well as an interaction based concept where an individual can possess one and not the two however, an individual who possesses the concepts two concepts always has an upper hand when it comes to negotiation. Recommendations Since intercultural communication competency is conceptualized differently across the existing cultures, it is important for one to learn and understand the different cultures that exist so as to be able to understand the different cultural competencies that exist. Reference List Alagic, M., Nagata, L.A. and Rimmington, G. 2009, Improving intercultural communication competence: Fostering bodymindful cage panting. The journal of Intercultural Communication. No. 12. Pp 39-55. Barrett, K. and George, W. 2005, Race, culture, psychology, and law. Sage Publishers, London. Belisle, C. 2007, â €Å"eLearning and Intercultural dimensions of learning theories and teaching models†. [Online] Available at: http://www.elearningeuropa.info/files/media/media13022.pdf. Byram, M. and Neuner, G. 2003, Intercultural Competence. Council of Europe. Deresky, H. 2000, International Management: Managing Across Boarders and Cultures. Third Edition, Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey. Diggs, A. 2010, â€Å"All, How to improve interpersonal communication skills:†[Online] Available at: http://www.helium.com/items/1541449-how-to-improve-interpersonal-communication-skills. Ferguson, S.D. 1999, communication planning: An integrated approach. Sage Publishers, London. Ferreira, E., Erasmus, A. and Groenewald, D. 2010, Administrative management. 2nd Edition. Juta and Company Ltd, Cape Town, South Africa. Fisher, G. 1997, Mindsets: the role of culture and perception in international relations. 2nd Edition. Intercultural Press. London. Greene, J. O. and Burleson, B. R. 2003, Handbook of com munication and interaction skills. Routledge Publishers, New York. Guffey, M.E. and Almonte. R. 2008, Essentials of business communication. 6th Edition. Cengage Learning, New York. Hall, A. and McCrorie, P. 2006, Principles of communication. [Online] Available at: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/9781405139854/9781405139854_4_001.pdf. Hamilton, C. 2010, Communicating for Results: A Guide for Business and the Professions. 9th Edition. Cengage Learning, New York. Henley, G. 2008, â€Å"Listening: The four principles plus one†. [Online] Available at: http://www.rctaylor.com/images/Listening.pdf. Hernandez, C. Not Dated, Ten Ways to Improve Your Interpersonal Skills. [Online] Available at: http://www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/careers-career-development/11134-1.html?sms_ss=face. Hofstede, G, H. 1991, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. McGraw-Hill, London. Jamieson, H.G. 2007, Visual communication: More than meets the eye. Intellect Books Publishers, Bristol: United Kingdom. Jones, S.E. and LeBaron, D.C. 2002, â€Å"Research on the Relationship Between verbal and Nonverbal communication. Emerging Integrations†. [Online] Available at: http://talkbank.org/media/PDF/JOC-PDF/1-Jones%20%26%20LeBaron.pdf. Koekemoer, L. and Bird, S. 2004, Marketing communications. Juta and Company Ltd. Cape Town, South Africa. Krauss, M.R. 2002, â€Å"The psychology of verbal communication†. [Online] Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/~rmk7/PDF/IESBS.pdf. Longatan, H. 2008, â€Å"Hofstede’s Five Dimensions of Culture Global Business Communication Determined by Five Variables†. [Online] Available at: http://www.suite101.com/content/hofstedes-five-dimensions-of-culture-a86385 Livermore, D.A. and Ang, S. 2009, Leading with cultural intelligence: the new secret to success. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn Publishers. Michigan. Moonie, N. and Walsh, M. 2003, BTEC National Care. Heinem ann Publishers. London. Nolan, W.R. 1999, Communicating and adapting across cultures: living and working in the global village. Greenwood Publishing Group. Westport, Connecticut Raymond Duncan, W., Jancar-Webster, B., and Switky, B. 2008, World Politics in the 21st Century. Cengage Learning, New York. Samovar, L.A., Porter, R, E. and McDaniel, E. R. 2009, Communication between Cultures. 7th Edition. Cengage Learning, New York. Shaules, J. 2007, Deep culture: the hidden challenges of global living. Multilingual Matters Publishers. Clevedon, United Kingdom. Theaker, A. 2004, The public relations handbook. 2nd Edition, Routledge Publishers, New York. Thomas- Hunt, M. 2005. Status and Groups. Emerald Group Publishing, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Trompennaars, F. and Hampden-Turner, C, 1997. Riding the Waves of Culture: Understanding Diversity in Global Business. 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, London. Wood, T.J. 2008, Communication in our lives. 5th Edition. Cengage Learning, New York. This report on The Role of Inter-cultural Ð ¡ommunications was written and submitted by user GitHoskins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Reflective statement for previous case study Nestle - Essay Example This has raised a debate on the aptness of this concept in the modern era of education. Critiques have often challenged the role of the students and have undermined the thought which reduces creativity and innovation among the students (Vita & Bernard, n.d.). Aspects like learning and reputation as well as memorising are largely outcomes of reflective studies. Competitive forces play a major role in the shaping the profitability of an organization. The analysis of the competitive forces pertaining to Nestle was done by using the Porter’s five forces model. This model analyses the competitive framework of an organization on the basis of five forces namely, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrants, competition among the existing players and threat of substitutes (Hill & Jones, 2009, p.42-43). Figure 1: Tangram Analogy (Source: Vita & Bernard, n.d., p.18) The case study focussed on a lot of marketing issues, the nature of the case study an d its questions helped in analysing each of the components separately and finally generating a conclusive argument which is analogous with the tangram analogy shown in the figure above. The analysis of Ansoff’s matrix helped in predicting the possible strategies with regards to the business strategy adopted by an organization. This was helpful in analysing the case of Nestle particularly since the organization has its business units spread across diverse geographical areas of the world (Beamish & Ashford, 2007, p.59-60). During the course of analysis of the case study tools like PESTEL and SWOT were also used. These tools helped in analysing the external and internal environment of the organization (Nestle). The use of SWOT helped in analysing the strengths, weakness, opportunities and the threats being faced by the organization (Nijssen & Frambach, 2000, p.87).. PESTEL is one such tool that helped in understanding the external factors influencing the organization on one hand and also to analyse the political, economical, sociological, technological, environmental and legal factors in a particular nation (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2009, p.65). Finally the process of strategy formulation does not end with framing and implementing policies but to evaluate and review the effectiveness of the strategies. The use of the balanced scorecard model helped in understanding how to evaluate a firm’s strategy based on financial as well as non financial aspects (Balanced Scorecard Institute, 2011). Question 2: In what ways, if any, did the module enhance your learning, professional and/or transferable skills? Various studies have concluded that improvement in practice or revision is largely the outcomes of a good reflective analysis which is quite contrary to the traditional school of thought (Vita & Bernard, n.d., p.5) The building synopsis which is an outcome of the American school of thought largely states that reflective studies enhance the manner in which students can apply the lessons learnt in professional life. The present module helped in generating abstract frameworks which helped in improving the writing skills (Vita & Bernard, n.d., and p.5). The module dealt with analysing the different strategic perspectives of Nestle. The large scale of operation in the organization helped in analysi